Background and Objective: Medication errors are recognized as a serious threat to patient safety that can lead to adverse health outcomes and increased healthcare costs. This study evaluated the impact of font size, font type, and correlated color temperature (CCT) on the readability of printed medication prescriptions. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was conducted at an education hospital with the participation of 30 nurses. Four levels of correlated color temperature (CCT) (2885, 4003, 6132, and 9973 K) at a constant illuminance of 150 lx, along with three font types (Tahoma, Zar, and Yekan) in three different sizes (9, 11, and 13 pt) were evaluated. Data analysis was performed using linear mixed models (LMM). Results: The results revealed that CCT has a significant effect on readability. The highest error rate was observed at 2885 K, significantly greater than 6132 K (P = 0.004) and 9973 K (P = 0.002). Font size also had a significant impact, with font size 9 pt producing more errors than sizes 11 and 13. No significant effect was observed for font type. Subjectively, except for irritability, other variables, including adequacy of amount and color of illumination, light distribution, pleasantness, performance, and sleepiness, did not exhibit significant differences among the various lighting conditions. Conclusion: The findings highlight the importance of optimizing lighting conditions and typographic characteristics in reducing readability errors in medication prescriptions. However, further studies are necessary to determine the optimal lighting parameters and their interaction with typographic variables.

Introduction: Frying is applied as one of the oldest methods of food preparation both in domestic and industrial scale. color development during the frying process is a surface phenomenon that depends on the processing temperature and time. The aim of this research is the measurement of central temperature, surface changes and color changes the behavior of onion slices during frying process as a mathematical model at various temperatures. Materials and Methods: Onion slices with 1 cm thickness and cylindrical form were fried at the temperature of 150, 175 and 200 º C and its central temperature was recorded using K type thermocouple with 1 mm thickness by 5-second intervals. The surface temperature of the product was measured using a laser thermometer. color parameters as brightness (L*), redness (a*), yellowness (b*) and color change intensity (Δ E) were recorded during frying time and kinetic model was fitted on their changes versus time and models coefficients were reported. Results: The temperature of the oil had a negative effect on the brightness of the fried onion and, with increasing process temperature, the brightness parameter decreased at the same time. The results of this experiment showed that most of the color changes occur in the early stages of the process. Higher temperatures increased the yellowness and redness of the onion surface from 14. 24 to 29. 31 and 5. 73 to 17. 86, respectively. Fried samples at a temperature of 200° C reduced the size about 40. 48 %. The central temperature became closer to the water boiling point at a temperature of 200° C and after a brief period at this temperature, the temperature of the center increased again with full water exhaustion. Conclusion: The kinetics of the surface color parameters changes and color change intensity (Δ E) of the onion followed the incremental exponential function and power function, respectively.

Background and aims: Lighting directly and indirectly affects employees' mental health and their performance. Good lighting is required for good visibility of the environment and should provide a luminous environment that is human-friendly and appropriate for the visual task performed. Optimal lighting is one of the most important issues in providing the physical conditions of different places, especially the workplace. Lighting can provide comfortable working conditions, especially visual comfort. Life on Earth cannot be imagined without light. Defects in the qualitative and quantitative aspects of lighting in the workplace can cause visual discomfort and reduce the productivity and efficiency of an individual. Therefore, monitoring the intensity of brightness and color temperature of light is essential to maintain and enhance the health of employees. The quantity and quality of lighting can also affect one's mental health. For example, one of the factors associated with depression is the defect in the quantity and quality of ambient lighting. Correlated color temperatures (CCT) of light play an important role in human psychological and physiological needs. In regards of human perception, two of the most important characteristics of lights are illumination and correlated color temperature (CCT). Studies have proven that different CCT provided by different lighting are important in affecting human beings psychologically and physiologically, through their visual and non-visual processes. . According to European standard EN 12665, visual comfort is defined as a person's mental well-being in the workplace. Studies on lighting in industrial environments have been conducted more frequently and public and office environments have received less attention. CCT is found to have effects on visual and mental fatigue. The right selection of CCT in an office environment will benefit its occupants in terms of visual comfort and reduction of daytime sleepiness. Studies have shown that insufficient and uncomfortable lightning conditions in office environments increase the risk of visual and ergonomic disorders in long term. The aim of this study was to evaluate the illumination and color temperature and its relationship with visual comfort in administrative staff in Hamadan city (west of Iran). Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 50 rooms and among 70 staff of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences and random sampling. In this study, the intensity of illumination at the work surface and at the height of the individual eye The intensity of the local illumination at the work surface and at the level of the individual eye level was measured at the user's point of view and the angles and distances were accurately observed and measured with the presence of the user in the presence of semiconductors or other factors. Also intensity of the general lighting based on the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IES) in terms of lux and color temperature of light source in terms of Kelvin at the work surface using new device Sekonic C-7000 SpectroMaster was measured. The device is capable of simultaneously measuring brightness intensity (Kendel / lux), color temperature, color expression index and wavelength. The device has an accuracy of over 1 nm. Visual comfort of visual display terminal users was assessed using visual fatigue questionnaire. Visual fatigue questionnaire with15 items and four components of eye stress, visual impairment, eye surface disorder and extra ocular problems was used for this purpose. This questionnaire is rated on a Likert scale ranging from 0 to 10 and none to very severe. Results: The results showed that the mean age of the staff was 42. 18± 7. 46 years with a minimum of 25 and a maximum of 62 years. In this study, the average general illumination intensity of the studied rooms was 437. 57± 116 and the average local illumination intensity was 341. 16± 109 and 307. 13± 195 respectively. Also, the intensity of illumination, general, local level at work and perpendicular were 30. 6%, 33. 9% and 38. 4% lower than the national occupational health limits. The average color temperature during the working shift in 56% of the rooms was more than 4000 ° K. The frequency of low and high visual fatigue score was 61. 4% and 38. 6% respectively. There was a statistically significant relationship between brightness intensity and visual fatigue of the staff during the study. The results of the study showed that people with room temperature below 4000 ° C had higher frequency of visual fatigue in these subjects. Chi-square test confirmed the relationship between the intensity of local illumination and visual fatigue of the subjects (p<0. 05). The distribution of brightness intensity at most of the surfaces of the investigated environments was largely uneven (less than 0. 6). Finally, the incidence of visual fatigue expressed by staff has been considerable Conclusion: Local and general luminance was lower than the Iranian occupational exposure limit and it had not a suitable condition in term of quality and quantity. Light intensity distribution in office rooms was undesirable. The results of this study showed a significant relationship between artificial lighting and color temperature with visual fatigue. The results showed that in rooms which more hours of artificial lighting was used in the workplace and had less natural light, participants suffered visual fatigue. In rooms where the color temperature was close to that of the sun, people had less visual fatigue. Causes of poor quality of light are insufficient number of light sources as well as the use of cold light fluorescent lamps and inappropriate color temperature of some lights and even the color of interior surfaces and angles of the individual desk relative to the window and the use of dark curtains It indicates that in designing lighting and environmental factors related to the office environment, the quantity and quality of light sources and environmental factors influencing the proper lighting and visibility of people were less considered Defects in artificial light intensity and color temperature of the sources affect the visual acuity of the administrative staff and increase the visual fatigue of the employees. According to the Study the modification of lighting systems and training of Staff in order to prevent the visual disturbances associated with it, while improving the artificial lighting system of these places.

Background and aims: The reaction time of humans that affected by several factors includes the time that takes to stimulate the sensory organs and the stimulus effect is transmitted to the brain, then is perceived and the decision is made; consequently, the command resulting from the decision of the brain is sent from the brain to the functional organs. Failure to respond at the right time may result in human error and accidents. There are important factors that affect the reaction time. Attention is one of the important factors affecting the speed of the reaction. Selective attention and correct perception of several stimuli among the other stimuli is one of the effective factors in promoting performance and safety. Additionally, various environmental factors may be effective in determining selective attention, increasing the number of errors and the human response time in detecting triggers. Lighting is one of the factors affecting the processing mechanisms of the brain. In the design of indoor and outdoor lighting systems, the quality parameters of the lighting system are usually less considered. color temperature is one of the most important qualitative parameters of light, which is measured by the Kelvin unit and is an indicator for the brightness and color of the light. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of light color temperature on selective attention, error rate and reaction time. Methods: This research is an interventional and laboratory study in order to determine the effect of the light color temperature on human error, selective attention, and reaction time of students in Tarbiat Modares University (TMU) of Tehran during the fall of 2018. All students were in the same age range. The inclusion criteria for this study were; not having any eye-related diseases, such as diminished vision and subtlety, and mental-psychiatric disorders. On the day before performing the test, participants were informed to: have enough sleep and rest, adhere to a regular diet, and avoid taking medicines, coffee and caffeinated drinks. In this interventional study, 92 students (36 female and 56 male) from Tarbiat Modarres University of Tehran with an average age of 28. 33 years were recruited as subjects. The measurements and tests related to selective attention and reaction time of individuals were performed in 4 locations with an equal lighting system and different color temperatures (3500, 4000, 5000, or 6500 degrees Kelvin). In the first step of the study, in order to determine the effect of light color temperature on the studied parameters, the participants were randomly divided into four groups with 24 subjects in each group. Before the main test was being performed, the participants were kept in rooms adjusted to a brightness of 3500° K to rest for at least 5 minutes in order to be adapted to the situation, and then, in the same conditions, to become familiar with the test method they were studied with the Stroop software. In the second step, each group was placed in a separate room where the levels of brightness had been designed with one of the lighting systems to yield a color temperature of 3500, 4000, 5000, and 6500° K. Cognitive performance tests including reaction time, accuracy and selective attention were measured using Stroop tests. Measurement of score interference and time interference, which are indicators for selective attention, were calculated by measuring the difference in the error rate and the reaction time in detecting incongruent and consonant words. Stroop test was used to determine the reaction time, error and other parameters. This test consists of two parts; the practice and the main test, each of them has two stages. The first step is to name the color of circular shapes that appears on the laptop monitor screen. The participant, upon viewing the image, applies pressure on keyboard buttons which are labeled with colors corresponding to the ones on the screen. The second step is to name the word which appears in a white box. The names of the colors appear, and as soon as the correct word is recognized, the participant should press the color word associated to the word on the keyboard. The third step, which is the main stage of the test, is a non-consistent word (red-green-blue) that shown randomly and sequentially on the monitor's screen. The subject must only press the keyboard button with the same color, only emphasizing the color and regardless of its connotation. In this test, 48 consistent colored words (the color of the word is identical with the meaning of the word; red, yellow, green and blue) and 48 non-consistent colored words (the color of the word is not the same as the word meaning; for example, the blue word shown in red). The time lap between the stimulants was 800 milliseconds and the duration of each of them was 2000 milliseconds. The subject's task was to select the correct color only. Finally, the data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: Based on the results of this study, the highest mean of correct selection (474. 49 ± 10. 65) and the lowest mean of the correct ones (654. 49 ± 11. 77) were assigned to the color temperature of 6500 and 3500 ° K, respectively. Also, the highest mean of error rate (15. 65 ± 9. 77) and the lowest mean of error rate (10. 94 ± 9. 4) were reported at a color temperature of 3500 and 6500 ° K, respectively. According to the results of this study, with increase in color temperature from 3500 to 5000° Kelvin, the number of questions that were not responded decreased. Likewise, the number of unanswered questions for the color temperature of 6500 ° K slightly increased compared to the color temperature of 5000 and 4000 ° K. The results also indicated that, with an increase in color temperature from 3500 to 6500 ° K, the reaction time to visual stimuli also decreased. The highest interference score was in the light color temperature of 3500 ° K which indicates that the number of faults in naming inconsistent words relative to consonant words was higher in color temperature of 3500° K compared to other color temperatures. Also, according to Fig. 3, the maximum interference time was at 6500 ° K. This indicates that the performance time of the subjects in naming inconsistent words was higher relative to consonants in color temperature of 6, 500° K compared to other color temperatures. Although the average response time under lighting condition with color temperature of 6500° K (718. 95 ± 65. 33) was less than the color temperature of 3500° K (728. 58 ± 43. 48), according to the results of the study, with a decrease in color temperature, the increase in mean response time was observed, but this difference was not significant (p <0. 05). In the present study, we compared the mean of the studied variables (interference score, interference time, correct number, number of errors, unanswered items and response time) among classified groups tested under different lighting conditions with color temperatures (3000, 4000, 5000, and 6500 degrees Kelvin). One-way ANOVA was used for data analysis. Based on the results of Tukey's post-test, the mean of correct responses under lighting conditions with a color temperature of 6, 500 ° K was significantly higher than the other color temperatures, and the average for the number of correct responses at the color temperature of 5000 was significantly higher than 3500 and 4000° K (p <0. 05). The average of error rate in color temperature of 6500 ° K was significantly lower than the mean error rate in color temperature of 3500 and 4000 ° K, and also the average of error rate under lighting condition with color temperature of 5000 K was significantly lower than 3500 and 4000 ° K. 0> p). Also, based on independent t-test (Table 2), there was a significant relationship between subjects’ gender and variables such as interference score, interference time and number of unanswered questions. For all of these three variables (interference score, interference time and number of unanswered questions) mean in men was significantly lower than women (p <0. 05). Based on subjects’ gender, the average response time under different color temperatures showed that the response time (or reaction time) of female under lighting conditions with 3000 and 5, 000 ° K was higher than male, while under lighting conditions with 4000 and 6500° K the response time of male was higher than female students. Although the average response time under different color temperatures was different between male and female subjects, based on the results of independent t-test, such difference was not significant. Conclusion: In general, the results of this study showed that when subjects are exposed to light color temperature of 6, 500 ° K, the number of correct responses by them is higher than those exposed to other color temperatures, and with increasing the color temperature, the number of correct answers increases. Also, according to the results of this study, the error rate decrease by increasing color temperature of light source. Based on the results of this study, it is suggested to make use of light sources with a color temperature of 6, 500 ° K in designing the lighting system of the places where human reaction time and error are high importance. Accordingly, it is recommended to repeat this study in other demographic groups, as well as taking into account the qualitative parameters of the lighting system in addition to its quantitative parameters.

One of the important issues in the production of concrete is environmental variability that affects the concrete and elements constructed from this material. Due to the importance of different characteristics of concrete in short- and long-term conditions, this article aims to investigate the influence of initial temperature conditions of self-compacting concrete on its long-term characteristics and determine the initial optimal temperature of concrete. For these purposes, several experiments under three temperature conditions of 5, 20, and 40 degree-of-Celsius were conducted to evaluate the rheology and mechanical properties of fresh concrete in the range of 7 and 28 days. In these experiments, alternative mineral admixtures of cement such as micro-silica, fly ash, and zeolite were used to build the concrete specimens. Results demonstrate that the mechanical properties of the specimens increase with increasing initial temperature in the short term, while such properties significantly decrease in the long term compared to the specimens constructed under lower initial temperature. Moreover, the fluidity of self-compacting concrete increases with increasing initial temperature.

In this study, Mazafati date samples were dried using a cabinet drier at five temperatures (50, 60, 70, 80 and 90 oC) and air flow rate of 1 m/s. Changes of total soluble solids, browning, pH, acidity and color parameters (L*, a* and b*) of date samples during drying were determined and compared. The results showed that total soluble solids, browning index and acidity increased and pH of date samples decreased.Moreover, L* and b* color parameters decreased and a* value increased. Overall, it was concluded that the moisture of Mazafati dates can be reduced by industrial drying. Furthermore, air temperatures of greater than 70 oC have negative effects on color of the date samples. Therefore, drying temperature of 70 oC was found to be the optimum condition for drying process of Mazafati date.